Learning
About PBA
Diagnosis
Mary-Beth (right) is a real patient living with PBA. The other person depicted is not a real doctor. Image reflects patient’s health status at the time the image was captured.
How PBA Is Diagnosed
Pseudobulbar Affect (PBA) is typically diagnosed during a neurological exam by a specialist experienced in treating neurologic conditions or brain injuries. While there is no definitive test to diagnose PBA, doctors may use the Center for Neurologic Study-Lability Scale (CNS-LS) as a part of their evaluation. They will assess the patient and provide a diagnosis based on a thorough understanding of:
- Symptoms
- Medical history, especially the existence of a primary neurologic condition or brain injury
- Mental health history
- Findings from a physical exam
Learn more about what to expect and how to prepare with the Doctor Discussion Guide.
Getting a PBA diagnosis is not always straightforward
“Once you have a diagnosis …
from there, it gives you hope.”
— Liyah, caregiver for her mother, Sequena, a stroke survivor living with PBA
Individual results vary.
Finding a Specialist Who Treats PBA
Any doctor who is knowledgeable about PBA can provide a diagnosis, although not all doctors will be familiar with the condition. Doctors who specialize in treating neurologic conditions and brain injuries may have experience in treating PBA. Below is a short list of specialists who may be familiar with PBA:
- Neurologists
- Psychiatrists
- Neuropsychiatrists
- Brain Injury Specialist
- Physiatrist (physical medicine and rehabilitation)
Are you ready to schedule an appointment with a doctor to discuss PBA, but don’t know where to start? Let us help.
“I saw an advertisement about PBA, did my own research and then brought my list of questions to my neurologist. Getting a diagnosis was such a relief.”
Dan, a real patient living with multiple sclerosis and PBA
Individual results vary. Dan is a real patient living with PBA. Image reflects patient’s health status at the time the image was captured.
PBA May Be Difficult To Diagnose
Patients living with a neurologic condition or brain injury may find that the process of getting an accurate diagnosis for a secondary condition like PBA is not always straightforward. It’s not uncommon to feel emotional, tearful, stressed, or confused at times when dealing with the challenges of living with a neurologic condition or brain injury. Doctors may attribute the uncontrollable crying and/or laughing to mood changes or symptoms associated with their primary condition.
Not only do different patients experience PBA in different ways, but the episodes can also be difficult to understand and challenging to describe to a doctor. In addition, PBA is frequently mistaken for depression because of the overlap with symptoms of mood disorders and other conditions. All of these factors may complicate the diagnosis process.
The important thing to remember is that PBA is a separate neurologic condition of emotional expression that is caused by damage to the brain, and it can be treated.
A Significant Portion of PBA Patients Are Misdiagnosed
An online survey of 637 respondents in the U.S. who reported frequency of episodes suggestive of PBA* and discussed their episodes of sudden crying and/or laughing with a doctor found that:
*A CNS-LS score ≥13 is suggestive of PBA symptoms.
How PBA and Depression Are Different
Although PBA can be misdiagnosed as depression, remember that PBA and depression are separate and treatable conditions:
PBA
A secondary neurologic condition that causes involuntary, sudden, and frequent episodes of crying and/or laughing in people living with certain neurologic conditions or brain injury.
Depression
A common but serious mood disorder that causes severe symptoms that affect how a person feels, thinks, and handles daily activities.
It’s common to have PBA alongside depression or other mood disorders. In a clinical study, over half of patients who were diagnosed with PBA also had depression.*† That’s why everything you discuss with your doctor is so important. It may take multiple conversations to get to the right diagnosis for you.
*PRISM II was a 90-day, open-label, single-arm, 74-site, US trial in adult patients with dementia, stroke, or traumatic brain injury. All patients received a clinical diagnosis of PBA by their physician and had a (CNS-LS) score of ≥13 at baseline. CNS-LS is a 7-item self-report rating scale that measures perceived frequency and control over crying and/or laughing episodes. It was validated as a PBA screening tool in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis populations. CNS-LS score of ≥13 may suggest PBA but does not confer a PBA diagnosis.
†Based on Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), a 9-item assessment of depressive symptoms. Scores range from 0 to 27, with higher scores indicating increased depression severity.
“I was confused because [my doctor] was telling me that I had depression, and they were prescribing me antidepressants, but I was still crying uncontrollably all the time. So, I thought it had to be something else.”
Sequena, a stroke survivor living with PBA
Sequena is a real patient living with PBA. Image reflects patient’s health status at the time the image was captured.
Other Mood and Behavioral Disorders
Depression is only one of the mood disorders that has signs and symptoms similar to PBA. Crying is also common among other mood and behavioral disorders that people with primary neurologic conditions may experience, such as:
For instance, patients with traumatic brain injury may experience anxiety or posttraumatic stress disorder, and patients with dementia may experience delusions or other personality changes.
Sharing the details about your medical history, describing your symptoms in detail with examples, and sharing how you feel may help the doctor give you an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan.
Prepare for a Conversation With Your Doctor
The process of being diagnosed with PBA can take time, but there is hope. If you think you’re experiencing PBA-like symptoms, the best thing you can do is speak to a doctor that is familiar with neurologic conditions like PBA. Go into your doctor’s appointment prepared to talk about your symptoms and treatment options.
Jill (right) is a real patient living with PBA. The other person depicted is not a real doctor. Image reflects patient’s health status at the time the image was captured.
